Understanding the Pathophysiology of Cardiac Arrhythmia

Tachycardia and bradycardia are both types of heart rate abnormalities, but they differ in terms of speed. Tachycardia refers to an abnormally fast heart rate, typically over 100 beats per minute in adults. It can occur due to various factors, including stress, anxiety, fever, or medical conditions such as heart disease or hyperthyroidism. Tachycardia can affect the heart's ability to efficiently pump blood, leading to symptoms like dizziness, shortness of breath, and chest pain. In severe cases, it may increase the risk of heart attack or stroke.

On the other hand, bradycardia refers to a slower-than-normal heart rate, usually below 60 beats per minute in adults. While some athletes or individuals in excellent physical condition naturally have lower heart rates, bradycardia can be problematic if it leads to inadequate blood flow to the body. Common causes include aging, heart tissue damage, hypothyroidism, or the use of certain medications. Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, fainting, or confusion. If left untreated, bradycardia can result in more serious complications such as heart failure or sudden cardiac arrest.

Both conditions require medical evaluation to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment to manage potential risks.