Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of physical objects—devices, vehicles, appliances, and other items—that are embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity, allowing them to collect and exchange data over the internet. These smart devices can communicate with each other and with centralized systems, making automation and real-time control possible across various industries. The main goal of IoT is to create smarter environments, whether at home, in cities, in agriculture, or in manufacturing. For instance, in a smart home, IoT enables appliances like thermostats, lights, refrigerators, and security systems to be controlled remotely through smartphones or voice assistants. In industries, IoT can monitor equipment health, track inventory, and improve overall productivity by reducing downtime and errors.